As much as the Second World War was a military conflict, it was also a conflict waged against civilians and non-military targets. In terms of both magnitude and the level of industrialization, Nazi Germany was at the forefront of these atrocities. During the Holocaust era, Nazi Germany murdered 17 million people based on their religion, ethnicity, disability, political persuasion, or sexuality. In addition to these victims, war crimes were wide-spread, and often sanctioned at the highest level. These were not only murders either, but also rape, torture, burning down villages, looting, and other war crimes and crimes against humanity.
The paramilitary SS was the key perpetrator of the Holocaust, supplying personnel for both the Einsatzgruppen death squads working on the Eastern Front, as well as the concentration and extermination camps. The SS did not work alone, however. The Waffen-SS routinely swapped personnel with the SS. In addition, both the Waffen-SS and the Wehrmacht not only supported the SS, but also took active part in the murders.
When dealing primarily with the hardware of the German armored forces, it can be easy to forget that the vehicles and weapons were manned by soldiers of the Waffen-SS and the Wehrmacht who took active part in the atrocities of Nazi Germany.
Mindset and Policy
It can be difficult to fully determine the degree to which German armored units were involved in atrocities as a matter of policy, as opposed to impromptu actions and decisions made by local commanders. There does, however, exist documents issued at a higher that demonstrate a systemic disregard for the laws of war.
Systematic reprisals against civilians
On 16 September 1941, Wilhelm Keitel, head of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (high command of the armed forces)Look up term, signed an order titled Communist insurgency in the occupied territories
. This order set forward guidelines that show a clear disregard for the laws of war and the value of human life. The guidelines were widely distributed, not only to the high commands in the territories with significant communist activities, but to the high commands of every occupied country in Europe. It would therefore have been plainly evident to the entire German military leadership that these reprisals were taking place.1KEITEL, Wilhelm. Kommunistische Aufstandsbewegung in den besetzten Gebieten. BArch RW 4/601.
- At every case of insurrection against the German occupation force, regardless of the particular circumstances, it must be assumed that they are of communist origin.
- To nip the activities in the bud, the harshest possible measures must be taken immediately at the first signs to assert the authority of the occupational force and to prevent them from spreading. It must be remembered that human lives are often worthless in the affected countries, and a deterrent effect can therefore only be achieved through unusual harshness. The atonement for the life of a German soldier must therefore generally be balanced by the death sentence of 50 to 100 communists. The way in which the enforcement is carried out must increase the deterrent effect.
The opposite approach, beginning with relatively mild punishments and being content with just using the threat of more severe measures as a deterrent, does not follow these principles and is therefore not to be used.
- The political relationships between Germany and the countries in question are not important for the behavior of the military occupation authorities.
Rather, it must be considered, and also emphasized through propaganda, that the sharp measures liberates the local population from the communist criminals and thereby benefits them.
Skillful propaganda of this kind will therefore also ensure that the sharp measures against the communists do not have any unwanted side effect with the friendly-minded parts of the population.
- Local authorities will generally fail to carry out such violent measures. Using them as auxiliary forces causes increased dangers for our own units and must therefore be avoided.
Conversely, prizes and rewards can be used in ample measures to secure the appropriate help from the local population.
- If, by exception, there are pending court-martial proceedings regarding communist uprisings or other violations against the German occupational force, the harshest punishments are mandated.
Only the death penalty can be considered a true deterrent. Especially espionage, acts and attempts of sabotage, and enlisting with a foreign military, must on principle be punished by death. The death penalty must also in general be imposed in cases of unauthorized gun possession.
Enslavement of prisoners
The order below was issued by I. SS-Panzer-Korps on 2 May 1943 and was signed by its commander SS-Obergruppenführer (lieutenant general) Paul Hausser. The order describes explicitly how Soviet prisoners of war were seen as a resource to be exploited.2Kriegstagebuch Nr. 5 - Generalkommando I. SS-Pz. Kps. - Anlageband A - 27.3.43 - 31.5.43. BArch RS 2-2/14.
Special order!
During the coming operations, prisoners must be brought in in greater numbers.
At the home front, the total war demands the usage and greatest effort of the entire work force; at the battlefield, it turns the enemy's humans into valuable booty. Every prisoner lost means a worker lost for the Reich and for the expansion in the conquered territories. The more prisoners the troops make available to the home front, the more they make German men available for the front lines and wives and mothers for their real duties.
The troops are to be emphatically lectured that the war in the East is a war for humans. They must understand that, in the fourth year of the war, it is more important to harness the manpower of the enemy in our own service than it is to destroy it. We SS men are free from false humanitarianism, but we acknowledge the necessity of this war.
Steps have been taken to ensure that the troops are not burdened by the shipping off of prisoners of war. The Army High Command have now set up guarded prisoner trains that will transport the prisoners to the army-level prisoner assembly points, and later army-level prisoner camps.
Draft signed by:
Hausser
Forced civilian labor in combat
In the October 1944 issue of the magazine Nachrichtenblatt der Panzertruppen (newsletter of the armored forces), with a circulation of 12 000, there was an article detailing experiences from the Warsaw uprising. In this article, the use of civilians to clear obstacles during combat is suggested twice.3Nachrichtenblatt der Panzertruppen No. 16, Oktober 1944. NARA T78 R623.
Urban combat by tanks and armored infantry
(Note: In the text below, the expression tanks
cover tanks, assault guns, tank destroyers, and assault tanks.)
In Warsaw, the fighting style of the Polish insurgents was fanatical, extremely insidious, and dogged. A tank battalion has compiled the following experiences from this urban combat in Warsaw.
Wrong! |
Right! |
[…] |
6. Tanks are used for tasks such as driving over or tearing apart barricades, as well as used against house walls or rolling over vehicles and guns, for which they are not build. |
The valuable firepower of the tanks must be preserved by all means. During house-to-house combat, tanks are particularly vulnerable at close range due to the numerous ways in which they can be attacked by the enemy, and are therefore not suited for this type of combat. The task of the accompanying armored infantry is to protect the tanks from such surprises. The armored infantry has to take the lead and clear barricades and obstacles. For this purpose, clearing commands are to be created from the civilian population. |
[…] |
8. The seemingly non-fighting harmless population is not watched and is hardly used for clearing work. |
All able-bodied civilians are ruthlessly used for clearing work - even under enemy fire. The majority of the population helped the insurgents directly or indirectly. |
[…] |
The Inspector General of the Armored Forces emphasized the importance of these experiences. They are to be observed for all urban combat.
[…]
Examples of Atrocities
While there is ample evidence incriminating the Wehrmacht as a whole in the crimes of the Third Reich, sources become scarce at the level of individual units. After the war, the perpetrators had an obvious self-interest in hiding the facts, while the victims were rarely alive to tell their story. Written reports and orders were often phrased euphemistically making them difficult to decipher.
Despite these challenges, there are many examples of crimes committed by soldiers of German armored units. The list below is by no means exhaustive but is extensive enough to demonstrate that the systemic criminal behavior of the German armed forces also permeated their armored branch.
1. SS-Panzer-Division
Date |
Incident name |
Location |
Incident |
19 September 1939 |
|
Poland |
50 Jews killed by a member of the artillery regiment.4WILLIAMSON, Gordon. The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror : The full story from street fighters to the Waffen-SS. ISBN 0-283-06206-1. Page 238. |
28 May 1940 |
Wormhoudt Massacre |
Wormhout, France |
30 British and French prisoners-of-war killed.5WILLIAMSON, Gordon. The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror : The full story from street fighters to the Waffen-SS. ISBN 0-283-06206-1. Page 238. 6La Plaine Au Bois Memorial Site (Wormhoudt Massacre). |
Late 1941 or early 1942 |
Gully of Petrushino |
Taganrog, Russia |
Hundreds of civilians killed.7WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 48. |
Large number of Soviet prisoners-of-war killed, with orders from the division's commander, Sepp Dietrich, to not take any prisoners.8WILLIAMSON, Gordon. The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror : The full story from street fighters to the Waffen-SS. ISBN 0-283-06206-1. Page 240. |
September 1943 |
|
Italy |
131 civilians killed in 29 incidents.91. SS-Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. |
17 December 1944 |
Malmedy Massacre |
Malmedy, Belgium |
87 American prisoners-of-war killed. |
17 December 1944 |
Wereth eleven |
Wereth, Belgium |
11 black American prisoners-of-war killed by Schnelle Gruppe Knittel.10History. |
19 December 1944 |
Stavelot Massacre |
Stavelot, Belgium |
164 civilians killed by Kampfgruppe Peiper.11KONINGS, Bob. The Stavelot Massacre. |
2. SS-Panzer-Division
Date |
Incident name |
Location |
Incident |
11 and 12 April 1941 |
Alibunar Massacre |
Alibunar, Yugoslavia |
About 200 civilians and prisoners-of-war killed, partially in retaliation of the death of the adjutant of Wilhelm Bittrich.12DEVEAU-MAXWELL, Richard. Massacre at Alibunar 11th April 1941. ISSN 2683-4405. |
September 1941 |
|
Belarus |
Aided in the killing of 920 Jews by an Einsatzgruppe. |
21 May 1944 |
|
Frayssinet, France |
15 civilians killed in retaliation of the death of an officer. The chosen victims were only children from 15 separate families with the intention to end the bloodline of those families.13ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. |
9 June 1944 |
Tulle Massacre |
Tulle, France |
99 civilians killed in retaliation of French Resistance actions by SS-Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 2.14ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. |
10 June 1944 |
Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre |
Oradour-sur-Glane, France |
642 civilians, including 207 children, killed in retaliation of French Resistance actions.15WILLIAMSON, Gordon. The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror : The full story from street fighters to the Waffen-SS. ISBN 0-283-06206-1. Page 240. |
3. SS-Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
September 1939 |
Poland |
Killing of Jewish community leaders and burning of synagogues. |
22 May 1940 |
Aubigny-en-Artois, France |
92 civilians killed.163. SS-Panzer-Division Totenkopf. |
22 May 1940 |
Berles-Montchel, France |
45 civilians killed.173. SS-Panzer-Division Totenkopf. |
24 May 1940 |
Beuvry, France |
48 civilians killed.183. SS-Panzer-Division Totenkopf. |
27 May 1940 |
Le Paradis, France |
97 British prisoners-of-war killed.19Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940. |
19 and 20 June 1940 |
Chasselay, France |
About 100 black French Army prisoners-of-war killed in collaboration with Infanterie-Regiment Großdeutschland.20Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940. |
1940 |
Lyon |
Killing of black French Army prisoners-of-war.21Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940. |
July 1941 |
Krāslava, Latvia |
Looting of the city.221. Panzer-Division. |
June 1942 |
Damjansk, Russia |
Soviet prisoners-of-war killed in retaliation of the death of SS-Hauptsturmführer Christian Frederik von Schalburg.23WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 51. |
5. SS-Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
2 and 3 July 1941 |
Novosilky, Ukraine |
Village burned down and a number of civilians from the village, as well as Jews that happened to pass by, killed, in retaliation of the death of SS-Standartenführer Hilmar Wäckerle.24WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Pages 112-117. |
2 to 3 July 1941 |
Zolochiv, Ukraine |
Pogroms, indiscriminate killing of civilians and prisoners-of-war, rapes, and looting, with an estimated 600 to 1000 killed.25WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Pages 125-134. 26WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 191. |
3 to 5 July 1941 |
Ozerna, Ukraine |
Between 180 and 200 Jews killed after being ordered to dig their own mass grave, and a synagogue burned down.27WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Pages 135-136. |
4 to 5 July 1941 |
Ternopil, Ukraine |
Between 2300 and 4000 Jews and other civilians killed.28WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 191. |
31 July to 9 November 1941 |
Tarashcha, Ukraine |
About 1000 Jews killed in a series of massacres in collaboration with German security forces, Einsatzkommando 5, and local police.29WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Pages 46-47. |
1943 |
Kyiv, Ukraine |
135 civilians killed.30WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 51. |
August 1943 |
Denmark |
Participation by soldiers on leave in mass arrests of Jewish population.31WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 51. |
12. SS-Panzer-Division
Date |
Incident name |
Location |
Incident |
March 1944 |
|
Ascq, France |
86 civilians killed in retaliation of transit delays caused by railroad sabotage. Following an investigation by the Gestapo, a further six were arrested and killed.32ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. |
7 to 17 June 1944 |
Ardenne Abbey Massacre |
Authie, France |
20 Canadian prisoners-of-war of the North Nova Scotia Highlanders, 27th Canadian Armored Regiment, and Stormont, Dundas Glengarry Highlanders killed.33Abbaye d'Ardenne. 34ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. |
8 June 1944 |
|
Château d’Audrieu, France |
13 Canadian prisoners-of-war of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles killed by SS-Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 12.35ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. |
9 to 11 June 1944 |
|
Le Haut Du Bosq, France |
41 Canadian prisoners-of-war killed by SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 26, some under direct orders of SS-Sturmbannführer Wilhelm Mohnke.36ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. |
4. SS-Polizei-Panzergrenadier-Division
Date |
Incident name |
Location |
Incident |
10 June 1944 |
Distomo massacre |
Distomo, Greece |
228 civilians, including 53 children, killed in retaliation of Greek resistance action.37The Massacre at Distomo and Kalami (1944). 38EFTER, Athena. The dark day of the Distomo massacre by the Nazis. |
11-12 June 1944 |
|
Kalami, Greece |
22 civilians killed in retaliation of Greek resistance action.39EFTER, Athena. The dark day of the Distomo massacre by the Nazis. |
16. SS-Panzergrenadier-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
June to December 1944 |
Italy |
About 2100 civilians killed in about 60 indidents.4016. SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Division “Reichsführer-SS“. |
1. Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
5 September 1939 |
Milejowiec, Poland |
Killed civilians in Milejowiec in retaliation of a Polish Army counter-attack.411. Panzer-Division. |
4. Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
September 1939 |
Poland |
Killing of civilians and prisoners-of-war.424. Panzer-Division. |
6. Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
15 and 16 June 1940 |
France |
Killing of black French Army prisoners-of-war.436. Panzer-Division. |
9. Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
12 June 1944 |
France |
53 civilians killed in collaboration with Division Brandenburg and Luftwaffe ground forces.449. Panzer-Division. |
10. Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
February 1943 |
Tunisia |
Denial of food and medicine and active killing of American prisoners-of-war of 168th Infantry Regiment.45DRAKE, Colonel Thomas D. Factual Account of Operations 168th Infantry, 34th Division, from 24 December 1942 to 17 February 1943. Pages 23-25. |
16. Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
September and October 1943 |
Italy |
About 100 civilians killed in about 40 incidents.4616. Panzer-Division/XIV. Panzerkorps. |
26. Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
September 1943 to April 1945 |
Italy |
239 civilians killed in 30 incidents.4726. Panzer-Division. |
3. Panzergrenadier-Division
Date |
Incident name |
Location |
Incident |
September 1943 to August 1944 |
|
Italy |
About 250 civilians killed in about 100 incidents.483. Panzer Grenadier Division. |
29 August 1944 |
Saulx Valley massacre |
Robert-Espagne, Beurey-sur-Saulx, Couvonges and Mognéville, France |
86 civilians killed in retaliation of French Resistance activities.493. Panzergrenadier-Division. 50Massacre de la vallée de la Saulx. |
15. Panzergrenadier-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
September 1943 to October 1944 |
Italy |
About 380 civilians killed in about 100 incidents.5115. Panzer-Grenadier-Division/XIV. Panzerkorps. |
29. Panzergrenadier-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
September 1943 to April 1945 |
Italy |
180 civilians killed in 11 incidents.5229. Panzer-Grenadier-Division “Falke“. |
90. Panzergrenadier-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
August 1944 to April 1945 |
Italy |
44 civilians killed in 16 incidents.5390. Panzer-Grenadier-Division. |
Panzergrenadier-Division Großdeutschland
Date |
Location |
Incident |
10 June 1940 |
France |
About 150 black French Army prisoners-of-war killed |
19 and 20 June 1940 |
Chasselay, France |
]About 100 black French Army prisoners-of-war killed in collaboration with SS-Division Totenkopf54Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940. |
21 April 1941 |
Pančevo, Yugoslavia |
18 civilians killed in retaliation of the death of a German officer and wounding of a German soldier.55BROWN, Kevin. “Du Strick, Du Kugel”: “You hang, you take the bullet”: Pancevo Massacre, 1941. |
Panzerarmee-Nachrichten-Regiment 4
Date |
Location |
Incident |
September 1942 |
Peregruznoe, Russia |
30-40 Jews killed.56BEORN, Waitman. Negotiating Murder: A Panzer Signal Company and the Destruction of the Jews of Peregruznoe, 1942. |
1. Fallschirm-Panzer-Division
Date |
Location |
Incident |
August 1943 to April 1945 |
Italy |
About 1400 civilians killed in about 200 incidents.57Fallschirm-Panzer-Division “Hermann Goring“. |
References
- KEITEL, Wilhelm. Kommunistische Aufstandsbewegung in den besetzten Gebieten. Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, 1941. BArch RW 4/601. Back
- Kriegstagebuch Nr. 5 - Generalkommando I. SS-Pz. Kps. - Anlageband A - 27.3.43 - 31.5.43. I. SS-Panzer-Korps, 1943. BArch RS 2-2/14. Back
- Nachrichtenblatt der Panzertruppen No. 16, Oktober 1944. Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen, 1944. NARA T78 R623. Back
- WILLIAMSON, Gordon. The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror : The full story from street fighters to the Waffen-SS. Blitz Editions, 1996. ISBN 0-283-06206-1. Page 238. Back
- WILLIAMSON, Gordon. The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror : The full story from street fighters to the Waffen-SS. Blitz Editions, 1996. ISBN 0-283-06206-1. Page 238. Back
- La Plaine Au Bois Memorial Site (Wormhoudt Massacre). World War Two Cemeteries. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 48. Back
- WILLIAMSON, Gordon. The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror : The full story from street fighters to the Waffen-SS. Blitz Editions, 1996. ISBN 0-283-06206-1. Page 240. Back
- 1. SS-Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Back
- History. U.S. Memorial Wereth. Back
- KONINGS, Bob. The Stavelot Massacre. Back
- DEVEAU-MAXWELL, Richard. Massacre at Alibunar 11th April 1941. Портал Архива Војводине. ISSN 2683-4405. Back
- ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. Juno Beach Centre. Back
- ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. Juno Beach Centre. Back
- WILLIAMSON, Gordon. The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror : The full story from street fighters to the Waffen-SS. Blitz Editions, 1996. ISBN 0-283-06206-1. Page 240. Back
- 3. SS-Panzer-Division Totenkopf. Axis History Factbook, 2023. Back
- 3. SS-Panzer-Division Totenkopf. Axis History Factbook, 2023. Back
- 3. SS-Panzer-Division Totenkopf. Axis History Factbook, 2023. Back
- Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940. The National WWII Museum, 2020. Back
- Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940. The National WWII Museum, 2020. Back
- Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940. The National WWII Museum, 2020. Back
- 1. Panzer-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2013. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 51. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Pages 112-117. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Pages 125-134. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 191. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Pages 135-136. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 191. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Pages 46-47. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 51. Back
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9. Page 51. Back
- ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. Juno Beach Centre. Back
- Abbaye d'Ardenne. Veterans Affairs Canada, 2019. Back
- ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. Juno Beach Centre. Back
- ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. Juno Beach Centre. Back
- ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. Juno Beach Centre. Back
- The Massacre at Distomo and Kalami (1944). Boeotia digital cultural encyclopaedia. Back
- EFTER, Athena. The dark day of the Distomo massacre by the Nazis. Neo Magazine, 2023. Back
- EFTER, Athena. The dark day of the Distomo massacre by the Nazis. Neo Magazine, 2023. Back
- 16. SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Division “Reichsführer-SS“. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Back
- 1. Panzer-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2013. Back
- 4. Panzer-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2015. Back
- 6. Panzer-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2012. Back
- 9. Panzer-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2012. Back
- DRAKE, Colonel Thomas D. Factual Account of Operations 168th Infantry, 34th Division, from 24 December 1942 to 17 February 1943. 1943. Pages 23-25. Back
- 16. Panzer-Division/XIV. Panzerkorps. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Back
- 26. Panzer-Division. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Back
- 3. Panzer Grenadier Division. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Back
- 3. Panzergrenadier-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2012. Back
- Massacre de la vallée de la Saulx. 2013. Back
- 15. Panzer-Grenadier-Division/XIV. Panzerkorps. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Back
- 29. Panzer-Grenadier-Division “Falke“. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Back
- 90. Panzer-Grenadier-Division. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Back
- Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940. The National WWII Museum, 2020. Back
- BROWN, Kevin. “Du Strick, Du Kugel”: “You hang, you take the bullet”: Pancevo Massacre, 1941. 2020. Back
- BEORN, Waitman. Negotiating Murder: A Panzer Signal Company and the Destruction of the Jews of Peregruznoe, 1942. University of North Carolina, 2009. Back
- Fallschirm-Panzer-Division “Hermann Goring“. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Back
Sources
- 1. SS-Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Available from Internet: <http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=509&lang=en> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- 15. Panzer-Grenadier-Division/XIV. Panzerkorps. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Available from Internet: <http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=776&lang=en> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- 16. Panzer-Division/XIV. Panzerkorps. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Available from Internet: <http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=94&lang=en> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- 16. SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Division “Reichsführer-SS“. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Available from Internet: <https://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=710&lang=en> [Fetched 2023-07-06].
- 26. Panzer-Division. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Available from Internet: <http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=392&lang=en> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- 29. Panzer-Grenadier-Division “Falke“. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Available from Internet: <http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=1002&lang=en> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- 3. Panzer Grenadier Division. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Available from Internet: <http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=620&lang=en> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- 90. Panzer-Grenadier-Division. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Available from Internet: <http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=310&lang=en> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- Fallschirm-Panzer-Division “Hermann Goring“. Atlante delle Stragi Naziste e Fasciste in Italia. Available from Internet: <http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=297&ricerca=190&lang=en> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- History. U.S. Memorial Wereth. Available from Internet: <https://wereth.org/en/history/> [Fetched 2024-12-26].
- La Plaine Au Bois Memorial Site (Wormhoudt Massacre). World War Two Cemeteries. Available from Internet: <https://www.ww2cemeteries.com/la-plaine-au-bois-memorial-site-wormhoudt-massacre.html> [Fetched 2023-07-13].
- The Massacre at Distomo and Kalami (1944). Boeotia digital cultural encyclopaedia. Available from Internet: <http://boeotia.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBody.aspx?lemmaid=12786> [Fetched 2024-12-26].
- Kriegstagebuch Nr. 5 - Generalkommando I. SS-Pz. Kps. - Anlageband A - 27.3.43 - 31.5.43. I. SS-Panzer-Korps, 1943. 214 p. BArch RS 2-2/14.
- Nachrichtenblatt der Panzertruppen No. 16, Oktober 1944. Berlin : Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen, 1944. 28 p. NARA T78 R623.
- 3. Panzergrenadier-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2012. Available from Internet: <https://www.axishistory.com/list-all-categories/150-germany-heer/heer-divisionen/4103-3-panzergrenadier-division> [Fetched 2023-07-08].
- 6. Panzer-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2012. Available from Internet: <https://www.axishistory.com/books/150-germany-heer/heer-divisionen/3966-6-panzer-division> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- 9. Panzer-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2012. Available from Internet: <https://www.axishistory.com/books/150-germany-heer/heer-divisionen/4097-9-panzer-division> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- 1. Panzer-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2013. Available from Internet: <https://www.axishistory.com/books/150-germany-heer/heer-divisionen/3929-1-panzer-division> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- Massacre de la vallée de la Saulx. 2013. Available from Internet: <https://web.archive.org/web/20140109144825/http://joff.riehl.free.fr/secondeguerre/liberation/saulx/index.htm> [Fetched 2024-12-26].
- 4. Panzer-Division. Axis History Factbook, 2015. Available from Internet: <https://www.axishistory.com/books/150-germany-heer/heer-divisionen/3956-4-panzer-division> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- Abbaye d'Ardenne. Veterans Affairs Canada, 2019. Available from Internet: <https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/overseas/second-world-war/france/ardenne> [Fetched 2023-10-29].
- Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940. New Orleans, LA : The National WWII Museum, 2020. Available from Internet: <https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/chasselay-massacre-june-1940> [Fetched 2020-09-18].
- 3. SS-Panzer-Division Totenkopf. Axis History Factbook, 2023. Available from Internet: <https://www.axishistory.com/books/119-germany-waffen-ss/germany-waffen-ss-divisions/1257-3-ss-panzer-division-totenkopf> [Fetched 2023-07-06].
- BEORN, Waitman. Negotiating Murder: A Panzer Signal Company and the Destruction of the Jews of Peregruznoe, 1942. Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina, 2009. 29 p.
- BROWN, Kevin. “Du Strick, Du Kugel”: “You hang, you take the bullet”: Pancevo Massacre, 1941. 2020. Available from Internet: <https://kevinbrownhistorian.wordpress.com/2020/02/27/du-strick-du-kugel-you-take-the-bullet-you-hang-pancevo-1941/comment-page-1/> [Fetched 2023-07-07].
- DEVEAU-MAXWELL, Richard. Massacre at Alibunar 11th April 1941. Портал Архива Војводине. Available from Internet: <https://archivum.arhivvojvodine.org.rs/masacr-in-alibunar-11th-april-1941/> [Fetched 2023-10-29]. ISSN 2683-4405.
- DRAKE, Colonel Thomas D. Factual Account of Operations 168th Infantry, 34th Division, from 24 December 1942 to 17 February 1943. 1943. 12 p.
- EFTER, Athena. The dark day of the Distomo massacre by the Nazis. Neo Magazine, 2023. Available from Internet: <https://www.neomagazine.com/2023/10/the-dark-day-of-the-distomo-massacre-by-the-nazis/> [Fetched 2024-12-26].
- KEITEL, Wilhelm. Kommunistische Aufstandsbewegung in den besetzten Gebieten. Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, 1941. 5 p. BArch RW 4/601.
- KONINGS, Bob. The Stavelot Massacre. Available from Internet: <https://www.battle-of-the-bulge.be/the-stavelot-massacre/> [Fetched 2024-12-26].
- ST. CROIX, Brad. Normandy Massacres. Juno Beach Centre. Available from Internet: <https://www.junobeach.org/canada-in-wwii/articles/normandy-massacres/> [Fetched 2024-12-26].
- WESTERLUND, Lars. The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities 1941-1943. Helsinki : The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society, 2019. 249 p. Available from Internet: <https://kansallisarkisto.fi/documents/141232930/153230445/SS-VOLUNTEERS_verkkoon.pdf/05c3492b-afad-5205-a0bf-bf035d4fa4d2/SS-VOLUNTEERS_verkkoon.pdf> [Fetched 2023-07-07]. ISBN 978-951-858-111-9.
- WILLIAMSON, Gordon. The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror : The full story from street fighters to the Waffen-SS. Leicester : Blitz Editions, 1996. 256 p. ISBN 0-283-06206-1.