During combat it is important to be able to quickly identify the nationality of vehicles. This applies both to aircraft and ground vehicles, and especially when using captured vehicles. To aid identification, the use of nationality markings started soon after aircraft and tanks started being used in combat.

This article will describe the history of nationality markings on Germany's armored vehicles and how their development followed that of nationality markings of aircraft.

First World War

Prior to the introduction of tanks during the First World War, aircraft already featured nationality markings. For most of the war, instead of using roundels in its national colors like many other countries, German aircraft used the shape of the iron cross. One order dated 25 July 1916 defined the shape of the cross as shown below, which was to be applied by the aircraft manufacturers.1Einzelne Verfügungen über Bezeichnung, Anstrich und Kennzeichen der deutschen Flugzeuge. PH 17-I/19. Page 3.

Black cross with arms of equal length and inwardly curved sides on a white background.

Insignia of the German Luftstreitkräfte (air force) as defined in the July 1916 order. No background or outline was defined. However, photographs show that the cross typically had either a white outline or was painted on a white square. The blue background is only for contrast.

As Germany started using both captured and self-produced tanks during the First World War, the iron cross insignia was also used for them. It is not clear whether this was explicitly ordered or whether the insignia used for aircraft were simply seen as the natural choice.

A7V captured by Entente forces showing iron cross insignia on both the front and side.

British tank captured by the Germans and since destroyed showing two iron crosses on the side.

To improve recognition, an order was issued on 20 March 1918 to replace the iron cross shape with a straight-armed black cross with a 150 millimeter white outline.2Einzelne Verfügungen über Bezeichnung, Anstrich und Kennzeichen der deutschen Flugzeuge. PH 17-I/19. Page 2. A subsequent order dated 4 June 1918 described the dimensions as illustrated below.3Einzelne Verfügungen über Bezeichnung, Anstrich und Kennzeichen der deutschen Flugzeuge. PH 17-I/19. Page 4.

Black cross with narrow arms of equal length and white outlines along the sides of the arms, on a blue background.

New insignia of the German air force introduced by the March and June 1918 orders. The March 1918 order explicitly stated that the background should not be a white square. The blue background shown here is only for contrast. While the ends of the cross were not intended to have an outline, photographs show that they sometimes did.

While some A7V used a straight-armed black cross, most German tanks used the curved iron cross shape.

Although the orders referred to the crosses as having the shape of the iron cross and being a straight-line black cross, respectively, the crosses do not appear to have had any formal names.

Luftwaffe Bar Crosses

The Luftwaffeair force
Look up term started using bar crosses several years before their use on armored vehicles. In an order from the Reichminister der Luftfahrt und Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe (Reich Minister of Aviation and Supreme Commander of the Air Force)Look up term dated 8 August 1935 it was ordered that all military aircraft were to receive a black Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term that have a narrow white band along the sides of its arms, to be placed on the top of the wings and on the tail.4Flugzeuge - Hoheitsabzeichen und Kennzeichen. RL 2-III/130. Pages 72-77.

Another order was issued on 2 July 1936 on the insignia of fighter aircraft. This order identified the Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term as the military national insignia and detailed the dimensions of the bar cross.5Flugzeuge - Hoheitsabzeichen und Kennzeichen. RL 2-III/130. Pages 48-69.

On 18 October 1939, a new order on the insignia of military and civilian aircraft made minor changes to the design of the Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term.6Flugzeuge - Hoheitsabzeichen und Kennzeichen. RL 2-III/130. Pages 1-16.

Two drawings of bar crosses with arms of equal length on a light gray background, both consisting of an inner black cross with a white border along the inner sides, which in turn have a thinner black border. The second cross has a wider white border than the first one.

Design of the Luftwaffeair force
Look up term Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term as defined in the 1936 and 1939 orders.

White Bar Crosses, July 1939

Introduction of white bar crosses

Sd Kfz 222 and Sd Kfz 223 with solid white Balkenkreuze.

Pz Kpfw II with white Balkenkreuze on its turret front and side.

On 13 July 1939, the Inspektion der Kraftfahrtruppen (Inspectorate of the Motorized Forces)Look up term issued an order that introduced the Balkenkreuz on all armored vehicles. The order was published in the 21 July 1939 edition of the Allgemeine Heeresmitteilungen (army bulletin)Look up term.7Allgemeine Heeresmitteilungen : Sechster Jahrgang 1939. BArch RH 1/162. Page 230.

Recognition markings for German armored vehicles

All German armored vehicles (tanks, command tanks, armored reconnaissance cars, and armored radio cars) are to be recognized by a white bar crossBalkenkreuz
Look up term (see drawing) on all four sides.

Solid, white cross on a cross-hatched background. The length and width of the arms are identical

Tanks and command tanks will also receive a white chalk line on a suitable area of their rear deck as a recognition mark for friendly aircraft.

Implementation provisions will be provided to the relevant units with order O.K.H. AHA/In 6 (I.Kav./IV) Nr. 3003/39 g.

Armored vehicles that do not have this bar cross must be considered enemy armored vehicles.

A chart of the German armored vehicles is currently being printed and will, once completed, be distributed to the troops without the need for requisitions (at first only to the anti-tank units).

The implementation provisions referenced above were published by the Inspectorate of the Motorized ForcesInspektion der Kraftfahrtruppen
Look up term on 15 July 1939. Each army group commandHeeresgruppenkommando
Look up term and corps commandGeneralkommando
Look up term was sent a copy, with additional copies to armored and cavalry units.8Kennzeichnung eigener Panzerfahrzeuge. Oberkommando des Heeres AHA/In 6 (I(Kav)/IV) - Nr. 3003/39 geheim. DHI 500-12464-9. Pages 279-288.

Markings for our own armored vehicles

All tanks, command tanks, armored reconnaissance vehicles, and armored radio vehicles are to be immediately painted with white bar crosses as recognition markings for our own troops.

Application: White, sturdy oil-based colors. Large and place on tanks (command tanks) according to appendix 1, on armored reconnaissance vehicles (armored radio vehicles) according to appendix 2.

To allow them to be recognized by our own aircraft, all tanks (command tanks) must immediately receive a white chalk drawing on their rear deck.

Rectangle identified as being 1000 millimeters wide and 500 millimeters tall.

The marking is to be placed at approximately the center of the rear armor deck in such a way that it is broken up as little as possible by uneven parts or fittings (gratings, hinges, etc.)

A swastika pennant with the measurements 200 by 300 millimeters is introduced as a recognition sign for those of our troops who are unfamiliar with the bar cross.

Swastika pennants are to be acquired commercially as motor vehicle equipment.

The command pennant as per army manual 470/3a appendix 2, manual 613/1 appendix 2, etc. are discontinued.

Cover leaves are issued as soon as possible.

The size, shape, and location were specified in two appendices to the order, as specified below.

Dimensions and placement of the white Balkenkreuz on Germany's armored vehicles.9Kennzeichnung eigener Panzerfahrzeuge. Oberkommando des Heeres AHA/In 6 (I(Kav)/IV) - Nr. 3003/39 geheim. DHI 500-12464-9. Pages 281-288.
Vehicle Drawing Width (mm) Location
Full Arms
Pz Kpfw I
White bar cross on gray background.
 270 100 Front: Driver's front plate at the centerline of the turret.
White bar cross on gray background.
 360 100 Sides: Turret sides centered on vision port.
Rear: Turret rear on turret centerline.
kl Pz Bef Wg
White bar cross on gray background.
 400 100 Front: Upper right corner of superstructure touching the top and right edges.
Left side: Horizontally centered on superstructure hatches and touching the top of hatches.
Right side: Upper right corner of superstructure touching the top edge and right bar covering corner plate.
Rear: Horizontally centered between top left corner and vision port and touching the top edge.
Pz Kpfw II
White bar cross on gray background.
 400 100 Front: Horizontally centered on gun mantlet between cannon and machine gun and top touching top edge of gun mantlet.
Sides: 80 millimeters in front of vision port and vertically centered on vision port center.
Rear: Upper left corner of turret touching the top and left edges.
Pz Kpfw 35 (t)
White bar cross on gray background.
 330 100 Front: Right side of turret front touching the top and right edges.
White bar cross on gray background.
 400 100 Sides: Vertically centered on turret side and horizontally centered along commander's cupola centerline.
Rear: Centered on turret rear.
White bar cross on gray background.
 340 100 Front: Centered on driver's front plate.
Sides: In front of vision port touching the front edge of the vision port and bottom edge of inclined edge.
White bar cross on gray background.
 400 100 Rear: 100 mm from bottom edge of turret and horizontally centered on commander's cupola centerline.
Pz Kpfw IV Ausf. A
White bar cross on gray background.
 340 100 Front: Right edge of driver's front plate.
Sides: In front of vision port touching the front edge of the vision port and bottom edge of inclined edge.
White bar cross on gray background.
 400 100 Rear: 100 mm from bottom edge of turret and horizontally centered on commander's cupola centerline.
  • Pz Kpfw IV Ausf. B
  • Pz Kpfw IV Ausf. C
White bar cross on gray background.
 340 100 Front: Center of driver's front plate.
Sides: In front of vision port touching the front edge of the vision port and bottom edge of inclined edge.
White bar cross on gray background.
 400 100 Rear: 100 mm from bottom edge of turret and horizontally centered on commander's cupola centerline.
White bar cross on gray background.
 350 100 Front: On front engine armor plate.
Sides: On upper side armor plate along the radiator grille.
White bar cross on gray background.
 500 100 Rear: On radiator grille.
White bar cross on gray background.
 550 100 Front: On radiator grille.
Rear: On the spare wheel protective cover.
Sd Kfz 263 (6 Rad)
White bar cross on gray background.
 350 100 Sides: Along the driver's front cupola.
White bar cross on gray background.
 450 100 Front: On front engine armor plate.
Rear: On radiator grille.
White bar cross on gray background.
 500 100 Sides: Along the rear turret hatch across the upper and lower armor plate.
Tatra OA vz 30
White bar cross on gray background.
 350 100 Front: On front engine armor plate.
Sides: On the side doors.
Rear: On the rear door.

Experiences with white bar crosses

During the invasion of Poland, units found that the white crosses were too conspicuous. Some units painted over the crosses to reduce the visibility of the crosses.

Knocked-out Pz Kpfw I from 4. Panzer-Division with filled-in bar crosses, most likely using yellow paint.

On 12 October 1939, a letter was sent by the Organisationsabteilung (Army Department of Organization)Look up term to the Allgemeines Heeresamt (General Army Office)Look up term requesting an alternative solution:10Kennzeichnung eigener Panzerfahrzeuge. Oberkommando des Heeres AHA/In 6 (I(Kav)/IV) - Nr. 3003/39 geheim. DHI 500-12464-9. Page 275.

The white bar crossBalkenkreuz
Look up term on the armored reconnaissance cars and tanks have proved themselves to be extraordinarily dangerous during the eastern campaign, as they can be successfully used by enemy anti-tank defenses as aiming points.

The Army General StaffGeneralstab des Heeres
Look up term therefore request that, as a first step, the bar crosses on the front and both sides of the armor are removed immediately. In addition, more permanently, a new recognition method for armored vehicles (flags, pennants) should be implemented.

Outlined Bar Crosses, October 1939

On 26 October 1939 the Inspectorate of the Motorized ForcesInspektion der Kraftfahrtruppen
Look up term issued an order that superseded the July 1939 order. The order was published in the 7 November 1939 issue of the army bulletinAllgemeine Heeresmitteilungen
Look up term.11Allgemeine Heeresmitteilungen : Sechster Jahrgang 1939. BArch RH 1/162. Pages 338-339.

Recognition markings for German armored vehicles

Changing the 1939 Army bulletin order number 525 on page 230, the white bar crosses on the front of all armored vehicles are to be removed.

The recognition markings remaining on both sides and the rear are to be changed to the open bar crosses (see drawing), similar to the markings on German aircraft.

Black narrow cross on a white, wider cross. The arms of the black cross reaches the border of the arms of the white cross. The sides of the arms of the cross are outlined in black.

Bar width approximately 2,5 centimeters.

These bar crosses are not to be painted on the turrets like previously, but only on the superstructure.

No documents have been found that show a direct connection between the 12 October 1939 letter sent by the Army Department of OrganizationOrganisationsabteilung
Look up term, the timing and the fact that the Inspectorate of the Motorized ForcesInspektion der Kraftfahrtruppen
Look up term was part of the General Army OfficeAllgemeines Heeresamt
Look up term, suggests that this is at least partially the reason. It is less clear whether the 18 October 1939 design change to the Luftwaffeair force
Look up term Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term was also influential.

Cross Location, April 1944

There does not appear to have been any changes to the guidelines for using bar crosses from October 1939 until April 1944. On 24 April 1944, the Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen (Inspector General of the Armored Forces)Look up term issued an order on tactical numbers that also specified the location of bar crosses on tank destroyers and other armored vehicles.12Ausbildung und Kampfführung - Einsatz und Zusammenwirken der Waffen. BArch 10/30. Pages 255-264.

Red Bar Crosses, August 1944

On 18 August 1944, the Inspector General of the Armored ForcesGeneralinspekteur der Panzertruppen
Look up term issued the following order for bar crosses to be outlined in red rather than white.13Ausbildungsmaterialien und Instruktionen zu Führung und Einsatz von Panzer-, Sturmgeschütz- und Panzerspähwageneinheiten sowie zur Panzerabwehr und Panzernahbekämpfung. BArch NS 33/148. Page 13.

Bar crosses

Are to remain on tanks, armored cars, and assault guns. They are to cease on all other armored vehicles.

Appearance: Black core (as today), red border (in the corners) (in place of white).

Most German tanks continued to use the white outlined bar crosses. However, there are some examples of red bar crosses. A surviving Sturmgeschütz III in the National Armor and Cavalry Heritage Foundation at Fort Moore, USA has a Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term with a red outline on the rear hull. A piece of a Schürzen with a red outline has also been found. Additionally, several black-and-white photographs show examples of bar crosses with an outline that is not white.

Variations and Deviations

Cross design

Unlike the Luftwaffeair force
Look up term design, the dimensions of the Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term for armored vehicles were vague and ambiguous. Some units only painted the white part. Other units also added the central, black cross. Despite the order stating that the crosses should be similar to those used on aircraft, it is rare to see the thin black outline on the sides of the arms.

Twelve different bar cross designs. The first four shows both a white outline and a black center, with different widths of the bars. The following three shows only the white outline, also with different widths. The final five show a cross similar to Luftwaffe markings with a thin black outline, a black outline only, a black cross with a full white border, a white and black outline with a hollow centre, and a cross with equal-widths black centre, white outline, and another black outline.

Examples of observed Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term variations. The dimensions are replicated for each individual cross, but the crosses are not to the same scale. Note that the examples have been observed in black-and-white photographs. It is assumed that the light parts are white and dark parts are black, but it is possible that colors or shades of gray have been used as well.

Number 1 through 7 were common variations across units and fronts. Number 4, which most closely resembled the drawing in the 26 October 1939 order, was especially common early in the war and particularly on armored cars.

Number 8 through 12 are rare variations, possibly only used by one unit or even only on a few vehicles.

This style of Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term with a black center and white outline, here on the Eastern Front in 1942, was one of the most common during the war.

This captured Pz Kpfw II in North Africa has a similar Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term to the one above, but with a narrower white outline.

Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term with equal width of the black center and white outline on a Pz Kpfw IV and two Pz Kpfw 38 (t).

Another example of a long-armed Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term on a 15 cm s IG 33 auf Pz Kpfw I (ohne Aufbau) from 704. s IG Abteilung on the Eastern Front in 1942.

Sd Kfz 231 in 1942 with a long-armed Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term similar to the original 26 October 1939 order, but without a black center.

This Pz Kpfw III from 24. Panzer-Division on the Eastern Front in 1942 has a Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term with a white outline without a black center.

Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term similar to the Pz Kpfw IV above, but without the black center, on a Pz Kpfw II and a Pz Kpfw 35 (t) from 6. Panzer-Division.

This Pz Kpfw II of a training unit has a Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term with narrow white outlines and no black center.

A Marder II during a demonstration with a black outline Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term.

This Sd Kfz 251 from 7. Panzer-Division in France in 1942 has a Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term with a full white outline.

Implementation by units

In addition to the variations in the design itself, the order was not distributed perfectly in all units. For example, 16. Infanterie-Division issued the following description for the new insignia for our armored vehicles in an order from November 1939:14Anlagen zum Kriegstagebuch Nr. 1 : Bd. 1: Befehle, Tagesmeldungen, Berichte, Besondere Anordnungen für die Versorgung. BArch RH 26-16/8. Pages 51-52.

Note: The front remains free from markings!

  1. White bar crossBalkenkreuz
    Look up term     on the left and right sides of the armored superstructure.
  2. White bar crossBalkenkreuz
    Look up term     on the rear of the armored superstructure.
  3. White rectangle on the sloped area of the rear armor deck for air recognition. (Size of the rectangle: 50 x 100 cm).

Comparing this to the 26 October 1939 order it is clear that the intention has been to replicate that order, but that some details have been lost as the order filtered down.

Other deviations can also be observed in photographs, especially during 1940:

The all-white Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term on this Sd Kfz 222 from 11. Schützen-Brigade in April 1940 has not been painted on. Instead, it appears to be a thin metal or cardboard cut-out that is held in place by some kind of clip.

This captured French Renault UE has been marked with an all-white Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term.

This Pz Kpfw IV from 1. Panzer-Division during the invasion of France has a Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term on the front. Instead of being painted directly on the driver's front plate it appears to be painted on a thin plate mounted on a metal bar.

The Balkenkreuzbar cross
Look up term on this captured T-34 has been painted on the turret instead of the hull. Captured equipment would often have oversized bar crosses to reduce the risk of friendly fire.

While bar crosses were only intended to be painted on armored vehicles, this truck from 11. Panzer-Division in Serbia in 1941 has one on its tarpaulin cover.

Air Recognition Markings

During the first years of the war, while the Luftwaffeair force
Look up term had air superiority, there was concern over friendly fire against tanks.

White rectangles

In the 15 July 1939 implementation provisions it was ordered to add a rectangle of 500 by 1000 millimeters to the rear armor deck of armored vehicles.15Allgemeine Heeresmitteilungen : Sechster Jahrgang 1939. BArch RH 1/162. Page 230.

Because the armor deck of vehicles is often not visible in photographs it is difficult to determine the extent to which this order was implemented. There are some examples of the use of white rectangles, though they appear to be painted rather than drawn with chalk.

Two Pz Kpfw IV and a Pz Kpfw 38 (t) with air recognition rectangles in Somme, France.

While the 15 July order did not include armored half-tracks, this Sd Kfz 251/6 has a white air recognition rectangle on its engine cover.

In an order dated 3 September 1939 from Armeeoberkommando 10, the need for air recognition was emphasized:16Anlage zum K.T.B. : Sonstige Unterlagen - Eingänge - Anlage G/II. - 1. Heft - 18.8.1939-16.9.1939. NARA T314 R568 AK XVI, P II, 34/x. Page 50.

The General of the AviatorsGeneral der Flieger
Look up term for special usezur besonderen Verwendung
Look up term reports that the troops are not observing the request from the air units to put out recognition signs (white sheets!). Likewise, the recognition markings on the tanks (white crosses) are so dirty that they can't be identified from the air.

Because of the danger that our troops are therefore not identified in time, and for this reason are attacked by the combat aircraft, it is emphatically instructed that the orders given about this are observed, and that the troops are reminded of them and the recognition markings on the tanks are refreshed.

It is interesting to note that the order does not refer to the air recognition rectangles, but only the bar crosses.

Air recognition flags

An alternative to the white air recognition rectangles was to use the national flag of the Third Reich. There does not appear to have been any regulation explicitly authorizing this use. However, the solution may have been considered more expedient to some units, providing a solution that could quickly be added and removed, and which was probably also less ambiguous than a white rectangle.

Two Pz Kpfw III from 5. Panzer-Division. The one on the road has the flag of the Third Reich under a group of branches. The one that has slipped off the road does not have any air recognition rectangle on its rear armor deck.

Pz Kpfw I from Panzer-Abteilung 40 z.b.V. on 9 April 1940. The two closest tanks each have the flag of the Third Reich on their engine decks.

Other methods

Another method used by some units was to paint swastikas directly onto the engine deck of vehicles.

Sd Kfz 251 from 7. Panzer-Division with a swastika painted on its engine cover.

Sd Kfz 232 with a partially visible swastika painted on its engine cover.

In a letter from the Chef des Heeresnachrichtenwesens (Head of Army Signal Operations)Look up term to the Inspektion der Nachrichtentruppen (Inspectorate of the Signal Troops)Look up term dated 2 February 1940 suggesting the use of having makings on collapsable screens:17Panzer-Kampfwagen-Instandsetzung und Ersatzteile, Bildermappe französischer Panzer-Kampfwagen R 35 (1. Dez. 1939). RH 3/321. Page 158.

The corps commandGeneralkommando
Look up term of XIX. Armeekorps has submitted a request to introduce screen-like recognition markings to allow pilots to identify our own tanks. The Panzerkorps has informed that it is possible to bring along regular umbrellas with easily recognizable bar crosses in the tanks, which can be stuck out of the turret and opened when needed.

For this purpose, the corps commandGeneralkommando
Look up term has ordered 150 umbrellas. However, the Head of Army Signal OperationsChef des Heeresnachrichtenwesens
Look up term is of the opinion that normal umbrella frames are less suitable than screens, which open invertedly compared to normal umbrellas and which fold upwards when they are closed.

It is requested that trials are conducted as soon as possible in collaboration with the Inspectorate of the Motorized ForcesInspektion der Kraftfahrtruppen
Look up term and office of armamentsHeeres-Waffenamt
Look up term.

There are no known photographs of such air recognition screens or umbrellas. However, this letter does illustrate the concern for friendly fire from aircraft.

Bundeswehr, October 1956

The formation of the Bundeswehr in West Germany in 1955 required the introduction of a national insignia.

On 1 October 1956, this insignia was formally introduced in the Bundesgesetzblatt (Federal Law Gazette) as a black cross with a white border.18Anordnung des Bundespräsidenten über die Kennzeichnung der Luftfahrzeuge und Kampffahrzeuge der Bundeswehr. The instruction included a template for the cross as shown below, which is very similar to the iron cross shaped cross used during the First World War.

Black cross with arms of equal length and inwardly curved sides. The sides of the arms are outlined in white. The cross is on a green background.

Template for the national insignia of the Bundeswehr as defined in the 1 October 1956 instruction. The green background is not part of the template but is only for contrast.

The instruction did not refer to the insignia by any formal name. However, it is commonly referred to as the Schwarzes Kreuz (black cross) or Eisernes Kreuz (iron cross).

References

  1. Einzelne Verfügungen über Bezeichnung, Anstrich und Kennzeichen der deutschen Flugzeuge. Kommandierender General der Luftstreitkräfte, 1918. PH 17-I/19. Page 3. Back
  2. Einzelne Verfügungen über Bezeichnung, Anstrich und Kennzeichen der deutschen Flugzeuge. Kommandierender General der Luftstreitkräfte, 1918. PH 17-I/19. Page 2. Back
  3. Einzelne Verfügungen über Bezeichnung, Anstrich und Kennzeichen der deutschen Flugzeuge. Kommandierender General der Luftstreitkräfte, 1918. PH 17-I/19. Page 4. Back
  4. Flugzeuge - Hoheitsabzeichen und Kennzeichen. Generalstab der Luftwaffe. RL 2-III/130. Pages 72-77. Back
  5. Flugzeuge - Hoheitsabzeichen und Kennzeichen. Generalstab der Luftwaffe. RL 2-III/130. Pages 48-69. Back
  6. Flugzeuge - Hoheitsabzeichen und Kennzeichen. Generalstab der Luftwaffe. RL 2-III/130. Pages 1-16. Back
  7. Allgemeine Heeresmitteilungen : Sechster Jahrgang 1939. Oberkommando des Heeres, 1939. BArch RH 1/162. Page 230. Back
  8. Kennzeichnung eigener Panzerfahrzeuge. AHA/In 6, 1939. Oberkommando des Heeres AHA/In 6 (I(Kav)/IV) - Nr. 3003/39 geheim. DHI 500-12464-9. Pages 279-288. Back
  9. Kennzeichnung eigener Panzerfahrzeuge. AHA/In 6, 1939. Oberkommando des Heeres AHA/In 6 (I(Kav)/IV) - Nr. 3003/39 geheim. DHI 500-12464-9. Pages 281-288. Back
  10. Kennzeichnung eigener Panzerfahrzeuge. AHA/In 6, 1939. Oberkommando des Heeres AHA/In 6 (I(Kav)/IV) - Nr. 3003/39 geheim. DHI 500-12464-9. Page 275. Back
  11. Allgemeine Heeresmitteilungen : Sechster Jahrgang 1939. Oberkommando des Heeres, 1939. BArch RH 1/162. Pages 338-339. Back
  12. Ausbildung und Kampfführung - Einsatz und Zusammenwirken der Waffen. Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen. BArch 10/30. Pages 255-264. Back
  13. Ausbildungsmaterialien und Instruktionen zu Führung und Einsatz von Panzer-, Sturmgeschütz- und Panzerspähwageneinheiten sowie zur Panzerabwehr und Panzernahbekämpfung. BArch NS 33/148. Page 13. Back
  14. Anlagen zum Kriegstagebuch Nr. 1 : Bd. 1: Befehle, Tagesmeldungen, Berichte, Besondere Anordnungen für die Versorgung. Ia/16. Infanterie-Division, 1939. BArch RH 26-16/8. Pages 51-52. Back
  15. Allgemeine Heeresmitteilungen : Sechster Jahrgang 1939. Oberkommando des Heeres, 1939. BArch RH 1/162. Page 230. Back
  16. Anlage zum K.T.B. : Sonstige Unterlagen - Eingänge - Anlage G/II. - 1. Heft - 18.8.1939-16.9.1939. Ia/XVI. Armeekorps, 1939. NARA T314 R568 AK XVI, P II, 34/x. Page 50. Back
  17. Panzer-Kampfwagen-Instandsetzung und Ersatzteile, Bildermappe französischer Panzer-Kampfwagen R 35 (1. Dez. 1939). RH 3/321. Page 158. Back
  18. Anordnung des Bundespräsidenten über die Kennzeichnung der Luftfahrzeuge und Kampffahrzeuge der Bundeswehr. Des Bundesminister der Jusitz, 1956. Back

Sources

  1. Ausbildung und Kampfführung - Einsatz und Zusammenwirken der Waffen. Generalinspekteur der Panzertruppen. 366 p. BArch 10/30.
  2. Ausbildungsmaterialien und Instruktionen zu Führung und Einsatz von Panzer-, Sturmgeschütz- und Panzerspähwageneinheiten sowie zur Panzerabwehr und Panzernahbekämpfung. 108 p. BArch NS 33/148.
  3. Flugzeuge - Hoheitsabzeichen und Kennzeichen. Generalstab der Luftwaffe. 107 p. RL 2-III/130.
  4. Panzer-Kampfwagen-Instandsetzung und Ersatzteile, Bildermappe französischer Panzer-Kampfwagen R 35 (1. Dez. 1939). 301 p. RH 3/321.
  5. Einzelne Verfügungen über Bezeichnung, Anstrich und Kennzeichen der deutschen Flugzeuge. Kommandierender General der Luftstreitkräfte, 1918. 8 p. PH 17-I/19.
  6. Allgemeine Heeresmitteilungen : Sechster Jahrgang 1939. Berlin : Oberkommando des Heeres, 1939. 429 p. BArch RH 1/162.
  7. Anlage zum K.T.B. : Sonstige Unterlagen - Eingänge - Anlage G/II. - 1. Heft - 18.8.1939-16.9.1939. Ia/XVI. Armeekorps, 1939. 248 p. NARA T314 R568 AK XVI, P II, 34/x.
  8. Kennzeichnung eigener Panzerfahrzeuge. Berlin : AHA/In 6, 1939. 11 p. Oberkommando des Heeres AHA/In 6 (I(Kav)/IV) - Nr. 3003/39 geheim. DHI 500-12464-9.
  9. Anordnung des Bundespräsidenten über die Kennzeichnung der Luftfahrzeuge und Kampffahrzeuge der Bundeswehr. Bonn : Des Bundesminister der Jusitz, 1956. 1 p. Available from Internet: <https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl156s0788.pdf%27%5D__1695645259092> [Fetched 2024-12-27].